Pietro Perugino, born Pietro Vannucci, was an Italian Renaissance painter of the Umbrian school, who developed some of the qualities that found classic expression in the High Renaissance. Raphael was his most famous pupil.
Whittaker Chambers, born Jay Vivian Chambers, was an American writer-editor and former Communist spy who, in 1948, testified about Communist espionage, thereafter earning respect from the American Conservative movement. After early years as a Communist Party member and Soviet spy, he defected from the Soviet underground and joined Time magazine. Under subpoena in 1948, he testified about the Ware group in what became the Hiss case for perjury, all described in his 1952 memoir Witness. Afterwards, he worked as a senior editor at National Review. President Ronald Reagan awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom posthumously in 1984.
The Korean War was a war between North Korea and South Korea. The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea.
At the end of World War II, the Soviet Union and the United States liberated Korea from imperial Japanese colonial control on 15 August 1945. After the war had ended, Korea was divided at the 38th parallel into two zones of occupation, the Soviets administered the northern half and the Americans administered the southern half. With the border set at the 38th parallel in 1948, two sovereign states were established as a result of geopolitical tensions of the Cold War. A socialist state was established in the north under the communist leadership of Kim Il-sung and a capitalist state in the south under the anti-communist leadership of Syngman Rhee. Both governments of the two new Korean states claimed to be the sole legitimate government of all of Korea, and neither accepted the border as permanent.
The conflict escalated into warfare when North Korean military forces—supported by the Soviet Union and China—crossed the border and advanced into South Korea on 25 June 1950.